1) Reason

Because.

As

Provided that

Seeing that

Since

Owing to

Due to (the fact that)

Because of

2) Addition (Reinforcing the point)

And

In addition

Moreover

Furthermore

Besides

Not only…but also

As well as…

3) Purpose

In order to (that)

So that

So as to

4) Result

As a result of,

As a consequence of

Therefore

Thus = In this way

Hence

5) Contrast

But

Yet (Empathic contrast)

However

On the other hand

Nevertheless

Irrespective of

Even though

Despite / in spite of

While/ whereas

Instead (of)

6) Condition

Even if

As soon as

As long as

Unless

In case

7) Time

When

Meanwhile

Whenever

Every time

First / secondly / thirdly

At the beginning / finally.

While / after(wards)

Activity.

This exercise sheet is required for our next assistantship session, please. Don't forget to bring it in!

Identify and underline the noun equivalents in the exercises below. Circle any noun in genitive case and indicates its type (ex: Inherence, possession, etc)

1. Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French and German colonial forces in Africa

2. She began performing in the rock music scene of New York City's Lower East Side in 2003 and enrolled at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.

3. The French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's fortunes.

4. Under the pretext of a reinforcement of the Franco-Spanish army occupying Portugal, Napoleon invaded Spain as well, replaced Charles IV with his brother Joseph and placed his brother-in-law Joachim Murat in Joseph's stead at Naples.

5. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807.

6. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native americans settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile.

7. A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains, Chile stretches over 4,630 kilometers (2,880 mi) north to south.

8. In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year old university student in Germany, patented the first electromechanical television.

9. The first college radio station began broadcasting on October 14, 1920, from Union College, Schenectady, New York under the personal call letters of Wendell King, an African-American student at the school.

10. Like an iPod but unlike most other mobile phones, the battery is not user-replaceable.

11. Elisa Made a simple question an absolutely undeniable problem!

12. Ericka, the girl from the house next-door, painted my house red for an acceptable sum.

13. An early example of the social impact of YouTube was the success of the Bus uncle video in 2006.

14. What’s being said is just good weather after the storm.

15. The students of the Universidad de Playa ancha have finished their homework after too much hard work, determination and will.

GOOD LUCK IN YOUR TEST!

SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA!

PRESENT PARTICIPLE CLAUSE

The man standing by my side, with two drinks is my uncle.

Driving along the road, the meet all kind of people.

Not knowing the answer, the student attempted to guess.

PRESENT PERFECT PARTICIPLE

Having got into trouble many times, this little naughty boy never wag again.

Having Found a Hotel, the usually go out to eat.

PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSE

Disturbed by all the images he saw during his training, he became a violent person.

The book widely criticized by the media was quite famous in the circle of the artists.

This statue shaped by a widely known artist represents her deepest dreams come true.

SOME RULES BEFORE USING PARTICIPLE AS MODIFIERS

These kinds of sentence constructions are not very common in spoken English. However, In written English, specially newspapers heads, they are.

Avoid putting “dangling modifiers” to your sentence! The subject of the “participle clause” whatever its tense is (present, perfect, past) should have the subject of the main clause as its subject, too.

Having found a hotel, there were many slum dogs.

Did the dogs find the hotel? This sentence is incorrect.

Crying at the result of my exams, everyone tried to cheer me up!

Did everyone try to cheer you up, crying? This sentence is incorrect!

Written by an unknown writer, this book became a blockbuster quickly.

A book was written! This sentence is correct.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE POSITION WITHIN A SENTENCE

I’ll start off with the prepositional phrases which have proved to be hard for you students.

1) Is there any absolute technique to identify what kind of prepositional phrases are in a sentence?

According to the context given in a sentence, you can identify either adverbial or adjectival prepositional phrases.

LET’S SEE

a) The pine needles are falling from the tree.

What kind of prepositional phrase is “from the tree”? Does it explain what the needles are like (adjectival)? Or does it explain how the verb took place (adverbial)?

Answer: That prepositional phrase is adverbial due to the fact that it’s explaining where the action started.

b) The people in the park are walking.

What kind of prepositional phrase is “in the park”? Take a look at the position the prepositional phrase is in. It is not describing where, when or how the verb is occurring. It is describing people’s location. Therefore, it is an adjectival prepositional phrase.

c) The teacher lives in a brand new apartment.

How about “in a brand new apartment”? What kind of P.P it is? Is it giving a description about the teacher? Is it saying what the teacher looks like or maybe it is giving a description about his location? The answer is a huge “NO” Why?

The preposition phrase gives information about where the action of living takes place. If it modifies a verb, then the P.P is adverbial.

d) The height of a rhododendron can reach 15 meters.

Is “of a rhododendron” giving information about how the verb “to reach” takes place?

Answer: No, it isn’t. It is giving more information about the “height” which can reach 15meters, if it is modifying a noun, the prepositional phrase is adjectival.

Ok, I hope I helped explaining the basics about prepositional phrase identification.

Now, let’s see other more complex prepositional phrases.

e) Now he was a sturdy straw-haired man of thirty, with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner.

Now (adverb), he (subject), was (V.P) sturdy straw-haired, adjective phrase modifying “man” who is the Subject complement.

“Of thirty” gives a short but effective description about the man’s age. It’s adjectival P.P-

“With a rather hard mouth and a superlicious manner” is two prepositional phrases joined together by a coordinating conjunction (and). By the way, the preposition “with” takes two objects which are called .O.P (Objects of a preposition)

Let’s see what they both modify:

“With a rather hard mouth” is describing what kind of man he is. So, it is adjectival.

“ A supercilious manner” is basically describing a man’s attitude towards something. So, it’s describing the man. It’s adjectival.

f) In the park, with her false friends, Claire started to smoke cigarettes at the age of twelve.

P.P “In the park” gives info about where Claire “was encouraged to smoke”. It’s adverbial.

Claire is the subject.

P.P “With her false friends” modifies the verb phrase. It’s adverbial.

Started = The verb phrase

To smoke is a verb that functions as the object of the verb phrase “started”

“At the age of twelve” states when the action of smoking started. It’s adverbial and in diagramming it goes below “started” not “to smoke”

g) These little and humble party next to the lake should not be considered a great event by a rich man.

Party = Subject.

Next to the lake = Adjectival prepositional phrase.

Should be considered = Verb phrase.

Not = adverb.

A great event = Subject complement.

By a rich man = adverbial prepositional phrase.

NOTE: A verb that has an object complement in the active voice will compulsorily have a subject complement once it’s turned into the passive voice.

They considered this house beautiful. (O.C active voice)

This house was considered beautiful. (S.C passive voice)

She definitely proves that exam correct (O.C active voice)

That exam was proven correct (by her) (S.C passive voice)

1) VERB + ING

I enjoy spending my time doing what I love most

She started reading the second line of the paragraph

If I could hold on her, I’d keep my loving her for ever.

2) VERB + INFINITIVE

I need to arrange my schedule before the classes start.

I decide to go on with this project to the last consequences.

She seems to be good enough to apply for that job.

3) VERB +THE SIMPLE FORM OF THE VERB

I should mop the floor of my house, but I get bored if I don’t have music around.

I will come over my aunt tomorrow. I hope she will be at home.

I hope she will be loved by someone who really loves her.

4) VERB + OBJECT+ INFINITIVE WITH TO

I need her to take the final exam again. Administrators made a mistake of evaluating grades.

She surely wants him to come along, but not this time.

Please! Ask her to bring back the jacket I lent her yesterday.

5) VERB +OBJECT+ INFINITIVE

! Let them go if they much want to go there. I hope they don’t regret.

She made me feel so happy.

I feel I can help her do her homework.

6) VERB + (THAT CLAUSE)

I really liked (that) the dinner your wife made last week.

1) ADJECTIVE +INFINITIVE

It’s hard to tell with Sarah.

It must be cool to try to improve your English by immersion in other country.

I’m glad to be here, sharing the best of my works.

2) ADJECTIVE +FOR +OBJECT + INFITIVE

It’s important for him to have some qualification.

3) ADJECTIVE +DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS + OBJECT

I’m concerned about her when you told me the last bad news

Is the medicine compatible with your health?

Who is the responsible for the damages caused in the car?

4) ADJECTIVE +ING FORM

She's busy writing out the wedding invitations.

I’m happy working where I do.

She’s hungry trying to cook some beans on her own

5) ADJECTIVE +THAT CLAUSE

I should admit I was jealous (that) he got best grades than me all the time.

I’m happy (that) she passed the exam for which she studied a lot.

My mother is proud (that) I got the scholarship for studying abroad.

6) ADJECTIVE _________________SO + ADJ + THAT CLAUSE

She is so rich that she bought a can of beer to everyone.

The students in this school are so stubborn that they only learn what they want.ç

My computer is so slow that downloading a 20 mb file takes 5 hours.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase starts with a prepostion followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or clause.

a. It’s said that naughty students sit at the back when in class.

b. On your right, you can see a wonderful landscape.

c. I went to the country side with my sister.

d. With a stick, I tried to remove the apples from those trees.

Prepositional phrases play two different roles depending on function within the sentence. These could be:

1. Adjective prepositional phrases: These kind of prepositional phrases give more information about a noun or a pronoun. Tip: Almost all adjective prepositional phrases directly follow the noun or pronoun it modifies.

a. The children in the AB classroom are excellent students.

b. The pot next to door was brought from the north of Chile.

c. The purple hat with the red feather was for sale in the store.

d. The smoke over the sky produces acid rain, which is very dangerous to the nature.

e. The doll in stripped pants with a red ribbon on its hair is still my favorite one.

2. Adverb prepositional phrases: It modifies adjectives, verbs, verb phrases and other adverbs. These may occur anywhere in the sentence. When a prepositional verb begins the sentence, it usually modifies the verb.

a. Claire only allows her children to play until 8 pm.

b. A flying object hit me by the fence!

c. The basketball tournament starts its second season in September.

d. At the corner, there was a man selling peanuts with a little bag on his back

With the examples below, put the prepositional verbs in bold and identify their type: adjectival or adverbial.

1. Over the river, and through the woods, we go to the grand mother’s house in the forest.

2. The red book with the title erased was written by Elena Madrid.

3. Sitting by the banks of the river, I caught some fish with my rustic but useful net.

4. After the rain, all the wood alongside our house wall has got wet.

5. The people in the park are walking to the centre because it’s a gig there.

6. Rain is frequent in Vancouver.

7. The teacher lives in a brand new apartment in Valparaiso.

8. At evening, by ten pm, my boarding house has a wonderful sight of the beach.

9. The pine needles are all falling from the tree.

10. With my watch off in the morning, I got to my work very late.

11. Under my house, an unknown treasure was hidden many years ago.

12. In September, with my friends I expect to go to Paris.

13. On my vacations, the least I expect is to be bothered by someone from my job.

14. The first season of Friends is as old as my age.

15. At night, I watched the movie with my friends and my girlfriend.

16. The paintings on the wall express happiness with those rainbow marks.

17. Around the corner, a kiosk sells the newspaper.

18. There are special offers for our clients, new season clothes are already on sale.

20. Impressed by the situation, the only thing I did was to clap my hands in admiration.

21. The workmen build a building opposite my house which is too noisy at night.

22. On YouTube, you can broadcast yourself with a camera or a cell phone with camera.

23. All those girls with posters in their hands are totally in love with Ricky Martin.

24. Everyone gives presents to each other on Christmas.

25. The sweeper is by the stairs, just next to the little bathroom.

26. The buckets of paint will be used in my room.